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    Bile duct cancer

    Bile duct cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, (CCA) is a rare cancer with an incidence of ~3 cases per 100,000 with 10,000 new case diagnosed annually. It is about 10-20% of liver cancers. Interestingly, in Thailand, and some south east asian countries, the incidence is nearly 10 fold higher due to liver fluke infections (Opisthorchis viverrini and…

  • Capsaicin

    Capsaicin is the flavoring and key ingredient for the heat in chili peppers. The heat comes from its interaction with TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor subtype 1) ion channel that leads to the burning sensation in any animal tissue that comes into contact with it. Interestingly, bird TRPV1 is not responsive to capsaicin. Another function that has…

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    Reinforcement learning

    Reinforcement learning is a method that drives learning and memory in primitive species such as birds, humans and other living species to its use in machine learning. It is used to influence the behavior of us humans on social media to its use to train machines. The essential components were initiated by BF Skinner 20th…

  • Biological computers and switches: Boolean integrase Ligators

    Biology is complex. The cell or the organism has to respond to a wide variety of external stimuli and respond. The stimuli aggregation and response obviously happen at the brain and neuron level but also at the cellular level. Dr Drew Andy of Standford University has created biological transistors based upon biological transcription that happens…

  • Open source goodies

    Open source text search engine There are many technologies available that get slightly better packaged and then sold commercially. Often times the technologies are so superb and crowd sourced so well that it is surprising that many people do not consider it as a valid strategy for their laboratories or companies. Take the example of…